Math Every Day

It happens to me that learning science, particularly analytics and different types of higher arithmetic, is a lot of like learning an unknown dialect. Math begins like an unknown dialect, having its own images, definitions, applications, and structures. It is hard to use from the start and requires redundancy, similar to another dialect. One needs to remember images, their capacities and numerous guidelines, and afterward one needs to rehearse by working numerous issues. Students can't be alright with new dialects (science) until they can utilize it more than once, reliably, and effectively. Math, or another dialect, is as of now existent and the student needs to adjust to it and work in it; the new material won't adjust to the student. One learns a language by tuning in to other people and by perusing, utilizing a word reference, learning the language rules, and what breaks any or those guidelines. Math is comparable. After much practice, understudies can speak with others in their new dialect and extend their capacities with more practice and use, similarly as in arithmetic. Those with a decent establishment by means of formal guidance are plainly greater at than those that get it to a great extent, intermittently.â The first can be comprehended and the second gotten lost. Less very much prepared students are constrained in the range and layering of importance their correspondence can include and don't have the devices for significantly more significant levels of language (arithmetic) learning. A solid establishment readies the new dialect speaker or the new math understudy for the following stage in their subject’s discipline and for later advancement, exploration, and development in that discipline. Arithmetic and language are the equivalent †They have equations and examples; they are correspondence and they are excellent (for example fractal examples and verse). Maybe this is the explanation that the movies â€Å"Close experiences of the third kind† utilized music (scientific) and â€Å"Contact† utilized science as the types of correspondence that demonstrated fruitful among outsiders and earth individuals.

Maintenance Strategy Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Support Strategy - Math Problem Example As the paper plots, mð °ny Ð ¾f the bð °tñ h reð °Ã± tð ¾rñ• Ð °re Ã'•emibð °tñ h (Ð °lñ•ð ¾ Ã' Ã° °lled fedbð °tñ h) reð °Ã± tð ¾rñ• in whiñ h Ð °n initið °l Ð °mð ¾unt Ð ¾f mð °terið °l iñ• Ã'€lð °Ã± ed in the reð °Ã± tð ¾r, the fluid iñ• heð °ted tð ¾ the deñ•ired temñ€erð °ture, Ð °nd then Ð °dditið ¾nð °l feed Ð ¾f freñ•h reð °Ã± tð °nt iñ• grð °duð °lly Ð °dded tð ¾ the veñ•ñ•el. Оñ€timð °l Ã' Ã° ¾ntrð ¾l theð ¾ry hð °Ã±â€¢ has been generally uñ•ed tð ¾ infer Ð ¾Ã±â‚¬erð °tið ¾n Ã'€ð ¾liñ ieñ• fð ¾r bð °tñ h reð °Ã± tð ¾rñ• (Filiñ€ñ€i-Bð ¾Ã±â€¢Ã±â€¢y et Ð °l., 1989). Mð °ny Ã'€ð °Ã±â‚¬erñ• hð °ve been Ã'€ubliñ•hed where diverse Ð ¾Ã±â‚¬timð °l Ã' Ã° ¾ntrð ¾l deñ•ignñ• Ð °re exñ€lð ¾red, rð °nging frð ¾m reñ urrent neurð °l netwð ¾rk mð ¾delñ• (Xið ¾ng Ð °nd Zhð °ng, 2005) tð ¾ Ð ¾n-line dynð °miñ  Ð ¾Ã± €timizð °tið ¾n (Ð rñ€ð ¾rnwiñ hð °nð ¾Ã±â‚¬ et Ð °l., 2005). The intereñ•ted reð °der iñ• alluded tð ¾ the reñ ent Ã'•urvey by Ð… metñ• et Ð °l., 2004 I.Y. Ð… metñ•, J.E. Ð ¡lð °eñ•, E.J. Nð ¾vember, G.ð . Bð °Ã±â€¢tin Ð °nd J.F. Vð °n Imñ€e, Оñ€timð °l Ð °dð °Ã±â‚¬tive Ã' Ã° ¾ntrð ¾l Ð ¾f (bið ¾)ñ hemiñ Ã° °l reð °Ã± tð ¾rñ•: Ã'€ð °Ã±â€¢t, Ã'€reñ•ent Ð °nd future, Jð ¾urnð °l Ð ¾f Ð rð ¾Ã± eñ•ñ• Ð ¡Ã° ¾ntrð ¾l 14 (2004), Ã'€ñ€. 795â€805. The fð ¾llð ¾wing nð ¾tð °tið ¾n will be Ã' Ã° ¾nñ•idered in the following Ã'•eñ tið ¾nñ•: †¢ iñ• the veñ tð ¾r Ð ¾f Ã' Ã° ¾nñ entrð °tið ¾nñ• Ð ¾f the invð ¾lved Ã' hemiñ Ã° °l Ã'•ñ€eñ ieñ•. †¢iñ• the veñ tð ¾r Ð ¾f freñ•h feed Ã' Ã° ¾nñ entrð °tið ¾nñ•.†¢iñ• the reð °Ã± tð ¾r temñ€erð °ture.â †¢iñ• the freñ•h feed temñ€erð °ture.â â₠¬ ¢iñ• the reð °Ã± tð ¾r vð ¾lume.â †¢iñ• the freñ•h feed flð ¾wrð °te.â †¢iñ• the veñ tð ¾r Ð ¾f reð °Ã± tið ¾n kinetiñ Ã±â€¢.â †¢iñ• the Ã'•tð ¾iñ hið ¾metriñ  mð °trix.â †¢iñ• Ð ° veñ tð ¾r relð °ted tð ¾ Ã' Ã° ¾nñ•tð °nt reð °Ã± tið ¾n enthÐ °lÃ'€ieÃ'•. †¢ÃŽ ³(Ã' ,T,t) iñ• the heð °t trð °nñ•fer Ã'€ð °rð °meter.â †¢u iñ• the jð °Ã± ket temñ€erð °ture, whiñ h iñ• tð °ken Ð °Ã±â€¢ the Ã' Ã° ¾ntrð ¾l inÃ'€ut. In the Ã'•equel, the â€Å"bð °tñ h reð °Ã± tð ¾r† terminð ¾lð ¾gy will allude tð ¾ bð ¾th Ã'•triñ t bð °tñ h Ð °nd Ã'•emibð °tñ h reð °Ã± tð ¾rñ•. Bð °tñ h reð °Ã± tð ¾rñ• in whiñ h m reð °Ã± tið ¾nñ• tð °ke Ã'€lð °Ã± e invð ¾lving n (n>m) Ã' hemiñ Ã° °l Ã'•ñ€eñ ieñ•, Ð °re Ã' Ã° ¾nñ•idered.

The First Year (In Numbers)

The First Year (In Numbers) Throughout my 5-ish months as a blogger for the Institvte, Ive covered a lot of ground, if we go by number of categories. Our blogs have a ton of primary categories under which a poster may classify an entry. With this one notwithstanding, Ive covered 9 categories over 11 posts but somehow, Ive left out the classes Ive taken as a freshman. Let me fix that. Ill start with semester one, which is when the proverbial fire hose of learning was opened at full force. Ill try to sum the classes up in 100 words or less: 5.111 Principles of Chemical Science: You may remember 5.111 as the class where I threw ping pong balls for science. However, it also stands apart from my other classes as the only one that offered free food.The 5.111 staff would periodically invite students to forums, where they could talk over pizza and snacks. They sought our impressions of the class and suggestions on how to make it better and they do listen. For instance, some students mentioned there werent enough concept questions asked, which are used both for attendance and to get students thinking at their seats. They responded by adding a few more. 8.01T Physics 1 (Newtonian Physics): Your mileage may vary on MITs TEAL system, which splits a class of roughly 80-100 students into manageable tables of 9. For me, it was a mixed bag.While I had a lot of fun with the people at my table (yeah table 12!), it was sometimes hard to learn from the smarter people in the group, who ignored TEALs efforts at encouraging collaboration by plowing through the work. This wasnt so bad for the kinetics unit, but by the time we got to gyroscopeswell, it wasnt pretty. 9.48J/24.08J Philosophical Issues in Brain Science: If youve ever believed that neuroscientific findings and philosophical principles are inextricably bound, youll be enthralled by how entangled the two disciplines really are.Its lectures injected theory and experimental reports into discussions of autism, Molyneuxs problem, the nativism/empiricism debate, and the limits of consciousness. Though several knowledgeable guest lecturers from Brown, Harvard, NYU, and MIT weighed in, my TA and several essay assignments encouraged me to support or reject each view through critical analysis. 9.48Js interdisciplinary approach to humanities set the bar high for other HASS classes here. Hopefully the others are just as good! 18.02 Multivariable Calculus: I cant mention 18.02 without describing Professor Poonen, an engaging, endearingly quirky lecturer and eclectic artist. Hes done some memorable things throughout 18.02, like drawing ears on triangles to show symmetry, and sketching a horse to show what saddle points look like.Sadly, 18.02 became just another GIR. In my opinion, the few practical, non-esoteric applications of multi became increasingly irrelevant for, say, a life scientist. Ive been told 18.03, Differential Equations, is better about that, but Im still tempted to put that class off. SP.708 Introduction to Screenwriting: This six-unit course met with other members of my advising group, a feature of RBA-based dorms like Next House. In our class of 8 freshmen, an upperclassman student adviser, and a faculty adviser, we constantly drafted up ideas for short films in an informal setting. We also got plenty of cookies and food here, but technically, this was a seminar (so it was the only seminar to offer food).It was good to try something new, but it was hard to keep up with those assignments on top of everything else. Those extra 6 units were quite a bit to add. Whew. If you got this far, take a breather. Thats what I did after the first semester, though Ill admit that may have been due to the weather. I also spent it sleeping, going out on weekends, seeking UROPs and internships, and did I mention sleeping? Anyway, on to semester two, where the hose is still hosing. Same deal: 100 words or less! Not including captions. (This is getting to be pretty challenging.) 5.12 Organic Chemistry I: Part of a premedical trifecta of classes Im taking this semester, orgo is actually more interesting than I thought itd be. Whats more, its not just straight memorization, but about applying central concepts.The methods arent hard to pick up, and putting them together helps you analyze really intimidating molecules. For example, I have no idea what this is off the top of my head: You get brownie points if you can name this. The delicious kind of brownie points. II ran out of carbons when I made this, so the magenta is also a carbon.But I dont need that name to tell you where it might react. Why? Molecules with pi bonds or heteroatoms with lone pairs are common sites for reactions. Thats orgo at work! 7.013 Introductory Biology: My TA for this class is headed to law school. But its cool, since he was also a TA for this class last semester.Also, I essentially took this class last year when I took AP Bio in my senior year of high school. While that isnt necessarily new for me, my two lecturers Professors Jacks and Sive are. Professor Sive also has an incredible British accent, which should make these lectures worthwhile. If you want to hear it, or learn more about Professor Sives birthday ducks, dont despair itll be going up on MITs OpenCourseWare. 8.02T Physics 2 (Electricity and Magnetism): My lecturer, Professor Soljacic, helped invent wireless electricity. I think that makes him an expert on the topic.True to MIT form, he made my class wrap our heads around it on the first day. Surprisingly, the concept and its explanation were both really accessible. Also, TEAL seems to be working out a little better, probably because people have adapted to the idea of working in groups. But well see. 9.00 Introduction to Psychology: As I started writing this, I realized Hamsika did everything Im doing this semester and more.Now that Im totally unoriginal, let me spice it up: this class is going on OpenCourseWare. Proof.Good thing too, because the lecturer, Professor Gabrielli, is both entertaining and insightful. He frequently connects psychology experiments to society and human behavior, often with a profound statement at the end. Why, for example, do people praised for intelligence do worse than those praised for effort when they take on hard tasks? Natural intelligence, he wagered, is viewed as finite; effort, however, is infinite. Professor Gabriellis conjecture sums up the year nicely, as of right now. I came in, as countless other MIT undergrads probably have, relatively sure of how smart I was. Now I know that theres much that I dont know, and once the notions of natural intelligence drop off, I can seriously get to work on pursuing more knowledge. Guess that means Ill see all of you on the other side of this semester.

The First Year (In Numbers)

The First Year (In Numbers) Throughout my 5-ish months as a blogger for the Institvte, Ive covered a lot of ground, if we go by number of categories. Our blogs have a ton of primary categories under which a poster may classify an entry. With this one notwithstanding, Ive covered 9 categories over 11 posts but somehow, Ive left out the classes Ive taken as a freshman. Let me fix that. Ill start with semester one, which is when the proverbial fire hose of learning was opened at full force. Ill try to sum the classes up in 100 words or less: 5.111 Principles of Chemical Science: You may remember 5.111 as the class where I threw ping pong balls for science. However, it also stands apart from my other classes as the only one that offered free food.The 5.111 staff would periodically invite students to forums, where they could talk over pizza and snacks. They sought our impressions of the class and suggestions on how to make it better and they do listen. For instance, some students mentioned there werent enough concept questions asked, which are used both for attendance and to get students thinking at their seats. They responded by adding a few more. 8.01T Physics 1 (Newtonian Physics): Your mileage may vary on MITs TEAL system, which splits a class of roughly 80-100 students into manageable tables of 9. For me, it was a mixed bag.While I had a lot of fun with the people at my table (yeah table 12!), it was sometimes hard to learn from the smarter people in the group, who ignored TEALs efforts at encouraging collaboration by plowing through the work. This wasnt so bad for the kinetics unit, but by the time we got to gyroscopeswell, it wasnt pretty. 9.48J/24.08J Philosophical Issues in Brain Science: If youve ever believed that neuroscientific findings and philosophical principles are inextricably bound, youll be enthralled by how entangled the two disciplines really are.Its lectures injected theory and experimental reports into discussions of autism, Molyneuxs problem, the nativism/empiricism debate, and the limits of consciousness. Though several knowledgeable guest lecturers from Brown, Harvard, NYU, and MIT weighed in, my TA and several essay assignments encouraged me to support or reject each view through critical analysis. 9.48Js interdisciplinary approach to humanities set the bar high for other HASS classes here. Hopefully the others are just as good! 18.02 Multivariable Calculus: I cant mention 18.02 without describing Professor Poonen, an engaging, endearingly quirky lecturer and eclectic artist. Hes done some memorable things throughout 18.02, like drawing ears on triangles to show symmetry, and sketching a horse to show what saddle points look like.Sadly, 18.02 became just another GIR. In my opinion, the few practical, non-esoteric applications of multi became increasingly irrelevant for, say, a life scientist. Ive been told 18.03, Differential Equations, is better about that, but Im still tempted to put that class off. SP.708 Introduction to Screenwriting: This six-unit course met with other members of my advising group, a feature of RBA-based dorms like Next House. In our class of 8 freshmen, an upperclassman student adviser, and a faculty adviser, we constantly drafted up ideas for short films in an informal setting. We also got plenty of cookies and food here, but technically, this was a seminar (so it was the only seminar to offer food).It was good to try something new, but it was hard to keep up with those assignments on top of everything else. Those extra 6 units were quite a bit to add. Whew. If you got this far, take a breather. Thats what I did after the first semester, though Ill admit that may have been due to the weather. I also spent it sleeping, going out on weekends, seeking UROPs and internships, and did I mention sleeping? Anyway, on to semester two, where the hose is still hosing. Same deal: 100 words or less! Not including captions. (This is getting to be pretty challenging.) 5.12 Organic Chemistry I: Part of a premedical trifecta of classes Im taking this semester, orgo is actually more interesting than I thought itd be. Whats more, its not just straight memorization, but about applying central concepts.The methods arent hard to pick up, and putting them together helps you analyze really intimidating molecules. For example, I have no idea what this is off the top of my head: You get brownie points if you can name this. The delicious kind of brownie points. II ran out of carbons when I made this, so the magenta is also a carbon.But I dont need that name to tell you where it might react. Why? Molecules with pi bonds or heteroatoms with lone pairs are common sites for reactions. Thats orgo at work! 7.013 Introductory Biology: My TA for this class is headed to law school. But its cool, since he was also a TA for this class last semester.Also, I essentially took this class last year when I took AP Bio in my senior year of high school. While that isnt necessarily new for me, my two lecturers Professors Jacks and Sive are. Professor Sive also has an incredible British accent, which should make these lectures worthwhile. If you want to hear it, or learn more about Professor Sives birthday ducks, dont despair itll be going up on MITs OpenCourseWare. 8.02T Physics 2 (Electricity and Magnetism): My lecturer, Professor Soljacic, helped invent wireless electricity. I think that makes him an expert on the topic.True to MIT form, he made my class wrap our heads around it on the first day. Surprisingly, the concept and its explanation were both really accessible. Also, TEAL seems to be working out a little better, probably because people have adapted to the idea of working in groups. But well see. 9.00 Introduction to Psychology: As I started writing this, I realized Hamsika did everything Im doing this semester and more.Now that Im totally unoriginal, let me spice it up: this class is going on OpenCourseWare. Proof.Good thing too, because the lecturer, Professor Gabrielli, is both entertaining and insightful. He frequently connects psychology experiments to society and human behavior, often with a profound statement at the end. Why, for example, do people praised for intelligence do worse than those praised for effort when they take on hard tasks? Natural intelligence, he wagered, is viewed as finite; effort, however, is infinite. Professor Gabriellis conjecture sums up the year nicely, as of right now. I came in, as countless other MIT undergrads probably have, relatively sure of how smart I was. Now I know that theres much that I dont know, and once the notions of natural intelligence drop off, I can seriously get to work on pursuing more knowledge. Guess that means Ill see all of you on the other side of this semester.

Dementia and Parkinson´s Disease Essay - 731 Words

Parkinson’s disease, a type of dementia also known as idiopathic or primary parkinsonism, paralysis agitans, or hypokinetic rigid syndrome/HRS, is on the rise in the U.S. Each year there are over 60,000 new cases in the U.S. alone. With the average person diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease over the age of 65 and America’s rapidly growing elderly population, awareness and concern are becoming significant points of interest for many healthcare professionals. Parkinson’s disease is caused by the destruction of dopamine-producing nerve cells in the midbrain (Substantia nigra). These nerve cells are used to coordinate smooth and regular body movement. In the absence of these cells, people often experience tremors (involuntary shaking or†¦show more content†¦Ultimately Pathak was able to figure out how to make the hardware for cancellation small enough to help those affected by tremors. As a result, Pathak’s research in stabilization has taken the technology in a new direction. Instead of trying to force the hand to stop moving (which often causes pain and irritation), Liftware stabilizes the object that the person is trying to hold. This is the first product of its kind that has the ability to constantly steady itself while the user is shaking. Located in the Liftware utensil is a microchip and sensor that can monitor the direction and force of the tremors. The motion sensor feeds data to the onboard control, separating the unintended motion (the tremor) from the intended motion (eating). The device is then able to adjust its movements using an actuator to counteract the users uncontrolled movement. Running on a rechargeable battery similar to the modern electronic toothbrushes, this electronic utensil can last on a single charge for several days. In a study conducted at the University of Michigan, researchers tested Liftware on a variety of patients. Before any patient was tested, a neurologist characterized the tremors of each of the patients. Then each patient was instructed to do simple tasks (eating, gripping items, etc.) with the Liftware utensil, which had interchangeable parts for both a fork and spoon. The results showed a 75% reduction in tremors in the patients hands on average. The price for a LiftwareShow MoreRelatedChildren With Dementia And Parkinson s Disease1488 Words   |  6 Pages 1. Introduction Dementia is a collection of symptoms caused by disorders affecting the brain which impact on a person’s functioning, ranging from thinking to behaviour and the ability to perform ordinary tasks and there are different type of dementia with the most common types being Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and Parkinson’s disease (Keast, 2015). 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The disease is characterized by rigidity, tremor at rest, bradykinesis, and decreased postural reflexes (Bollinger, Cowan, LaFontaine, Ronai, 2012). Parkinson disease was largely documented and brought to the forefront by James Parkinson, who published an article discussing the condition in 1817 (Lees, 2007). While great strides in understanding and treatment have been made, Parkinson diseaseRead MoreNot Only Is It Detrimental To The Social Development Of1604 Words   |  7 Pagesdegeneration. Individuals with dementia who maintain active lifestyles will ultimately be happier, while also increasing their physical strength (Shaikh). Another piece of evidence that found to support the ideology that recognizing these symptoms and intervening early is important states that, â€Å"Many of these lifestyle changes have been shown to lower the risk of other diseases, like heart diseas e and diabetes, which have been linked to Alzheimer s† (Alzheimer s Association Organization). Even

Schizophrenia - A Genetic and Environmental Review - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2739 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Schizophrenia Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Schizophrenia is defined as a severe brain disorder characterized by disturbances of thoughts, perceptions, volition, and cognition, which affects about 1% of the world population today (Ozawa et al., 2006, p. 546). The disorder can be incapacitating to those who live with it and prevent normal societal function. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Schizophrenia A Genetic and Environmental Review" essay for you Create order Despite its frequency in the population, scientists and medical professionals still struggle to find a conclusive explanation for why some develop schizophrenia. This may be in part due to its ties to both environmental and genetic factors. Throughout the literature there are extensive hypotheses on what the contributing factors to development of the disorder are, but a consensus remains that no one factor defines susceptibility. Environmentally, Adult onset of schizophrenia seems to be linked to neonatal care. Maternal viral infection (Ozawa et al., 2006) as well as maternal vitamin D deficiency from improper diet and sunlight intake (Pluta, 2010) leads to small but significant increases in offspring disorder development. Genetic pre-disposition is also a well-known factor to be considered. Currently well researched, disruption of dopaminergic pathways in schizophrenic patients are becoming more prevalent as it seems to play a crucial role in symptomology of the disorder. More speci fically, abnormal dopamine function appears to give rise to much of the positive symptoms (psychosis) (Abi-Dargham et al., 2000). In addition to the factors that increase likelihood of development, treatment is heavily discussed in the literature. Medication is a crucial baseline component to treatment as it can keep patients functional, so that other psychosocial therapies can occur. Unfortunately, the symptomology that demands medication also prevents approximately 50% of patients from maintaining a regimen. Increased numbers of environmental treatments are being researched to rectify this (Velligan et al., 2008). Schizophrenia is generally a hard disease to measure because its symptoms vary widely across the population. The 2 domains that most of the symptoms fit within are positive are negative. Positive symptoms are analyzed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. This scale accurately places how severe a patients symptoms (psychosis, delusions, etc.) are and detects changes over time. The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) rates how severely a patient presents in the 5 categories on th e scale. (Lindenmayer, Harvey, Khan, Kirkpatrick, (2007). Unfortunate limitations to these measurement scales are that patients frequently go on and off medications making it hard to monitor improvement in symptoms over time. Also, patients can cross lines from one subtype to another as well as more minor subtypes, making categorization difficult. Genetic Studies The effect of dopamine on Schizophrenia has recently begun to be heavily investigated in the scientific community. Dopamine receptors, specifically D2 appear to be a probable contributing factor to the classic symptoms of Schizophrenia. The receptor availability of dopamine was measured in patients at the standard level as well as after drug administration to reduce available dopamine in 36 subjects. 18 of these subjects were Schizophrenic patients and the other 18 were matched controls. The dopamine receptor availability in each subject was measured with single-photon computerized emission tomography (SPECT) and the drug administered to reduce dopamine concentration was ? ±-methyl-para-tyrosine (? ±-MPT). Upon the first initial analysis, no significant difference in standard dopamine receptor availability was noted between the Schizophrenic and control subjects. However, after a decrease in available dopamine, significant results arose (Abi-Dargham et al., 2000). Upon depletion of dopamine with ? ±-MPT, there was a significant increase in receptor availability in both Schizophrenic patient s and control subjects. This is an intuitive explanation as a decrease in dopamine would trick the brain into believing it needs more receptors to reach its normal level of dopamine binding. However, the increase in dopamine receptor availability was significantly higher in patients with Schizophrenia (19% ? ± 11%) compared to the control subjects (9% ? ± 7%) after the drug treatment. This data is illustrated below (Figure 1). Through this data it can be deduced that if much of the dopamine was reduced by ? ±-MPT, then there would be a difference of 8% ? ± 6%, compared to 15% ? ± 7% of D2 receptors filled in the control vs. Schizophrenic patients, respectively. This data provides significant evidence that contributes to the literature on dopamine involvement with Schizophrenic symptomology. Dopamine appears to be highly involved with the D2 receptor in patients with Schizophrenia, but not as much in the normal population (Abi-Dargham et al., 2000). In addition to dopaminergic activity, other underlying molecular mechanisms may also play a role in schizophrenia development. Microarray technology was utilized to examine gene expression patterns in 24 schizophrenic or control patients. This technology can pinpoint differential gene expression patterns, and the underlying molecular mechanisms can then be examined. Experimental analysis was conducted on subjects diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia and controls, all of whom died from natural causes. After death the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the subjects was dissected into ~0.5cm tissue cubes. In the 89 genes that showed differential expression patterns in schizophrenic vs. control subjects, a categorical pattern emerged. The majority of these genes were involved in mechanism of signal transduction, neurotransmission, neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and most prominently myelination (Hakak et al., 2001). Of these 5 categories, all but myelination appear to have an i ncrease in gene expression compared to the control. Although not conclusively followed up with, this data indicates that multiple, if not all these genes may play a role in the symptomology of schizophrenia. The downregulation of the myelination genes plays a role in this theory, as the 5 genes in this category all aid in formation of oligodendrocytes. Commonly known, oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the central nervous system. The primary function of myelin is to aid in cell signaling and protect neurons. With deficient production, this can cause significant changes in brain circuitry. In addition, the authors noted that in humans, myelin production by oligodendrocytes within the region examined (prefrontal cortex) begins to occur from late adolescence to early adulthood. This coincides with the period that both men and women begin to report symptoms of schizophrenia development. The conclusion can be drawn that this deficiency may go unnoticed for much of the early stages of lif e, but as myelin production begins this could be a tipping point for disease onset (Hakak et al., 2001). In addition to disruptions in neurological pathways, specific gene loci have begun to be implicated in risk for schizophrenia development. Over 100 of these loci have now been located, however this research remains generally fragmented (Harrison, 2015). This has remained the case because no one aberrant gene can be directly correlated to schizophrenia development. It has been maintained in the literature that multiple aspects of genetic predisposition linked to specific environmental triggers must be connected to lead to a schizophrenia diagnosis. Previous human and animal studies have linked the DISC1 gene to mental illness and schizophrenic phenotype. This gene is involved in numerous activities, making it hard to decipher which aspect of its disfunction may lead to this symptomology. A shortened DISC1 transgene from a human source was inserted under the ? ±CaMKII promoter in C57BL/6 mice. Expression of this gene leads to dominant negative phenotype. Two lines of transgene mice w ere created and compared to one wildtype line. The ? ±CaMKII promoter was chosen specifically because of its role in gene expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. From 3-8 months of age several behavioral analyses exams and in vivo MRI scans were conducted to survey a wide variety of characteristics in the tg C57BL/6 mice (Hikida et al., 2007). A staple phenotype in a large percentage of schizophrenic patients is abnormal sizing of the lateral ventricles. In vivo MRI scanning of tg line 10 at 6 weeks and 3 months showed significantly larger left lateral ventricles compared to wildtype. In the same line, the ratio between left and right ventricles as well as lateral ventricles to whole brain volume was shown to be larger in tg compared to wildtype, however, this only became significant at 3 months of age. (Figure 2). Behavioral analyses also showed that tg mice had lower pre-pulse inhibition (a measure of cerebral cortex sensorimotor gating) and increased hyperactivity compared to wildtype. These are common characteristics in schizophrenic patients, however other common characteristics such as anxiety, impaired motor coordination, and working memory were not affected (Hikida et al., 2007). Inserting a shortened DISC1 transgene into C57BL/6 mice resulted in tg mice lines that demonstrated significant pathogenic and behavioral traits seen in patients of schizophrenia. This does well to contribute to the present literature that the DISC1 is implicated in some aspects of schizophrenic symptomology and development. Because this transgene came from a human source this gives a strong external validity for generalization to the human population, but as always there may be limitations such as the way this pathology and behavior may shift after years of medical treatment or psychological therapy (Hikida et al., 2007). Environmental Studies Schizophrenia is strongly theorized to be linked to both genetic and environmental causes. A well-known environmental factor that could lead to fetal development of schizophrenia is maternal contraction of viral infection. Evidence from previous studies provided evidence to suggest that maternal viral infection during developmental stages in pregnancy lead to higher rates of fetal schizophrenic development. This viral infection appears to be non-specific as research has been done on influenza, polio, rubella, and measles may all have the same effect. This information led researchers to believe that maternal immune response, particularly inflammatory cytokines, may affecting fetal neurological development rather than the viral infection itself. To simulate this environmental factor in schizophrenic development, double-stranded RNA polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid (poly I:C) was utilized. This method was used to replicate a viral infection because it causes a non-disease specific immune reaction. BALB/c mice were bred in the lab and from 2-weeks to 3-weeks post copulation pregnant females were injected with the RNA daily (Ozawa et al., 2006). To measure if the offspring of the poly I:C injected mothers demonstrated characteristics comparable to Schizophrenia, 3 criteria were measured. These were maturational delay, damage to dopaminergic systems, and cognitive impairment. Along with cognitive impairment, the effects of two common anti-psychotic drugs on this were measured. These drugs were clozapine and haloperidol. After in jection the pregnant mothers were observed to gain less weight than expected as well as produce a lower number of pups. The offspring of these mice were measured to have significantly damaged dopaminergic systems as well as cognitive impairment only after maturing into adults. Clozapine and haloperidol also helped to curb the symptoms of the cognitive impairment (Ozawa et al., 2006). This is a very useful animal model for understanding the association between gestational viral infection and offspring schizophrenia risk, however limitations apply to a comparison to a human model. The most significant limitation being that it is still not conclusively known at what stages of pregnancy an infection has the most risk on the fetus. This may skew data that could be obtained in a human study because women may be less inclined to report or remember a viral infection in early stages of pregnancy as they may not realize the effect it has on a fetus that is not showing yet. Interestingly, while the immune system is more susceptible to contracting viruses in colder months like winter and spring, this is also the time of year that vitamin D deficiencies are also most common. This time of year, also coincides with significantly more babies born that will develop Schizophrenia in adulthood. The most direct way to gain vitamin D is through the skin being exposed to sunlight. Thi s obviously becomes less feasible in the winter. Through the processing of vitamin D in the human body, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D3) is produced. Infant blood samples from the Newborn Screening Biobank were analyzed for concentrations of (25[OH]D3). 424 Danish, schizophrenic and control matched pairs were used (Pluta, 2010). The data indicated a significant variation in the amount of 25[OH]D3 present in newborn blood throughout different months of the year. There was also a significant association between developing Schizophrenia in adulthood and the amount of 25[OH]D3 present in the blood at time of birth. In comparison to the fourth quintile of infants, infants with the highest 20% (first quintile) of 25[OH]D3 at time of birth had a 1.71% relative risk of developing schizophrenia in adulthood, while those in the lowest 20% (fifth quintile) of 25[OH]D3 at time of birth had a relative risk of 2.1% in comparison to the fourth quintile. The relative risks of the development of schizophrenia in controls is shown below (Figure 3). The most interesting component of the research is that while prenatal vitamin D plays a significant role in the future development of schizophrenia, the trend is not linear. Compared to the fourth quintile both the first and fifth quintiles had a higher risk of disease development. It did appear, however, that vitamin D deficiency plays a more prominent role (Pluta, 2010). Through literature analysis it becomes apparent that both genetic and environmental factors play a significant role in the development of schizophrenia. In the realm of treatment for this disease, a multitude of drug treatments are available, some of which are argued to treat better than others (Leucht, 2009). It is also important to consider the effect of environment on drug treatment and patient care for schizophrenia in general. While schizophrenia is a disease that somewhat demands drug treatment to keep patients norma lly functional, the adherence to medication is a significant problem in the population. The symptomology that demands drug adherence also promotes patient disassociation from treatment. Three different environmental treatment approaches were taken on subjects with diagnosed schizophrenics. These treatments were full-CAT treatment, Pharm-CAT, and TAU (treatment as usual). Cognitive adaptation training (CAT) is a personalized treatment designed to promote patients maintaining a medication schedule through a specific environmental setup and organization in the home. Pharm-CAT is essentially the same, however the organization only pertains to specifically medication-related lifestyle components (Velligan et al., 2008). The initial regimens lasted for a period of 9 months and medication adherence was measured through counting of untaken pills during periodic home visits. After this time-period the CAT environments were not removed, but home visits were for another 6 months. Adherence to medication treatments was shown to be significantly higher in both Full-CAT and Pharm-CAT patients compared to usual treatment patients during all stages of the experiment. However, in the area of functional outcomes, Full-CAT patients only performed better than Pharm-CAT in the initial 9 months of the study, and only Full-CAT patients outperformed traditional patients once home-visits were removed (Velligan et al., 2008). This study provides significant data to support how helpful individualized environments can be to medication adherence and normal functioning in patients with Schizophrenia. In all cases patients with any form of CAT treatment outperformed those undergoing their usual treatment. However, this treatment did get less effective when visitors stopped checking in on the patients. This is an important distinction, as a limitation to this treatment is that it does not appear to significantly effective in promoting self-sufficiency in schizophrenic patients (Velligan et al., 2008). References Abi-Dargham, A., Rodenhiser, J., Printz, D., Zea-Ponce, Y., Gil, R., Kegeles, L., . . . Laruelle, M. (2000). Increased Baseline Occupancy of D2 Receptors by Dopamine in Schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(14), 8104-8109. Hakak, Y., Walker, J., Li, C., Wong, W., Davis, K., Buxbaum, J., . . . Fienberg, A. (2001). Genome-wide expression analysis reveals dysregulation of myelination-related genes in chronic schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America., 98(8), 4746-4751. Harrison, P. (2015). Recent genetic findings in schizophrenia and their therapeutic relevance. Journal Of Psychopharmacology, 29(2), 85-96. Hikida, T., Jaaro-Peled, H., Seshadri, S., Oishi, K., Hookway, C., Kong, D., . . . Sawa. (2007). Dominant-negative DISC1 transgenic mice display schizophrenia-associated phenotypes detected by measures translatable to humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America., 104(36), 14501-14506. Leucht, S., Komossa, K., Rummel-Kluge, C., Corves, C., Hunger, H., Schmid, F., . . . Davis, J. (2009). A Meta-Analysis of Head-to-Head Comparisons of Second-Generation Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry., 166(2), 152-163. Lindenmayer, Harvey, Khan, Kirkpatrick. (2007). Schizophrenia: Measurements of Psychopathology. Psychiatric Clinics of North America,30(3), 339-363. Ozawa, Hashimoto, Kishimoto, Shimizu, Ishikura, Iyo. (2006). Immune Activation During Pregnancy in Mice Leads to Dopaminergic Hyperfunction and Cognitive Impairment in the Offspring: A Neurodevelopmental Animal Model of Schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 59(6), 546-554. Pluta, R. (2010). Neonatal Vitamin D Status and Risk of Schizophrenia: A Population-Based Case-Control Study. JAMA, 304(18), 1996. Tseng, K., Lewis, B., Lipska, B., ODonnell, P. (2007). Post-Pubertal Disruption of Medial Prefrontal Cortical Dopamineâ€Å"Glutamate Interactions in a Developmental Animal Model of Schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry.,62(7), 730-738. Velligan, D., Diamond, P., Mintz, J., Maples, N., Li, X., Zeber, J., . . . Miller, A. (2008). The Use of Individually Tailored Environmental Supports to Improve Medication Adherence and Outcomes in Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(3), 483-493.

Slavery During The Colonial Period Essay - 1442 Words

Cheng Qian CIN: 303520717 History 202A Course Number: 17606 2/14/16 Freed Slaves During the colonial period, a lot of black slaves were brought into the land of America; the population of black slaves in the south plantation once reached the amount of 500,000 and they were oppressed by their masters, which are the white people with privilege. The black slaves did not have any freedoms, and even their lives belong to their masters, they could be tortured, killed, or transferred to other people as their masters wished. But nearly the same time of the Independence of the United States, the abolition movement began; most people believed that the behavior of owning and enslaving was against the spirit of building the nation. The abolitionists advocated to free the black slaves, but some of them believed that black people were inborn different with the whites naturally, and they thought that the freed blacks would not accept the American system and laws, and feared the freed blacks would disturb their social order and their society, so they could not leave the freed sl aves in the country but should send them overseas and have them live in their own land; thus, the first freed slaves were transported into the land of Africa, then the first freed black slaves’ home was settled in Liberia. Many historians believe that Liberia is an absolute colony, and it is not formed by the white Europeans but the freed black slaves from America. 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Integrated Marketing Communications Campaing A Case of Surfers Again

Question: Describe about the Integrated Marketing Communications Campaing, a Case of Surfers Against Sewage? Answer: 1. Proposed campaign title The major income of the SAS charity results from the monetary contribution of the existing members of the foundation. However, the decrease in the number of members has required the foundation to undertake the promotional activities concerning recruitment and retention of members (Hackley, 2010). In this regard, the following will be an appropriate tagline to define the situation to the target market - No water, No life Be a priceless volunteer and save the oceans. 2. Communications context a. The market The charity or voluntary sector in UK is referred to as the third sector or the nonprofit sector. As per the reports of Forbes around one, 80,000 charities are registered in UK and all the charity operates based on the membership fees and individual donations. Some of the major operating charity foundations in UK are namely Alzheimers society, British Red Cross, Macmillan Cancer Support, National Trust and Age UK (Ivanov, 2012) . The Bloomberg financial reports shows that the consumer spending on the charitable institutions have reduced by one fifth since 2012 however the demand for charitable services have increased which has made the foundations in acute need for funds. The Charities Aid Foundation reports if the current market situation prevails then around 60% of the charities will close within 2020. The levels of UK consumers spending on the charitable services have reduced from 32.5% in 1978 to 27.4% in 2008. Engel et al. (2000) suggested that this variation in the charity expe nse depends upon the household income. b. The Charity consumer A recent study by Mintel shows that around 80% of the UK population are environment concerned and are ready to make donations. On analysis of the composition of the total population contributing for the charitable purpose, highest donations were recorded among the customers within the age group of 18 to 35 years (Gurău, 2008). The SAS survey reports shows that around 78%of the consumers within this age group are highly conscious about the negative effects of environmental degradation. Moreover, around 60% of the women contributed to the charity compared to men. However, on analyzing the sector receiving the highest proportion of donations it was recorded that the medical research institutes record the highest amount of donations. Figure 1: Donations to different sectors in UK (Source: Sas.org.uk, 2015) Apart from the environment and charity concerns around 55% of the UK population makes donations for getting tax benefits (Hayes, 2012). The following graph shows the percentage of adult population of UK giving charity in different years. Figure 2: Percentage of adult population of UK giving charity in different years (Source: Mintel, 2015) Cash donations are the most popular method s of donations among the UK customers because the direct cash payment can help the individual to get a tax benefit. However other forms of donations include payment through debit card, buying of charity services, event donations, cheque, membership fees and payroll (Jiang and Chia, 2010). Figure 3: Methods of receiving donations (Source: Mintel, 2015) In order to increase the amount of donations in the environmental sector and specially for the Surfers against Sewage fund the trusts should target the motivation of the customers. If correct charitable motivation can be given to the target customers then the retention and recruitment of new remembers will be possible (Houser et al. 2011). c. The current SAS promotion or member communication The major income of SAS is generated from the membership subscriptions. In order to increase the number of members especially within the age range of 18 to 34 years the foundation has initiated different promotional projects. The present membership packages of SAS are as follows: Family membership @ 30 annually Single membership @ 24 annually Group membership @ 10 per group members annually Lifetime membership @ 240 onetime payment (Sas.org.uk, 2015) SAS has taken an innovative approach of producing and educational film about a well known professional surfer to educate and inspire charitable activities on the beach. This promotional strategy was directed towards the young age group since they could connect to the life of the surfer and would join in the charitable activities (Finne and Grnroos, 2009). Apart from this the organization provides regular campaign updates in the members magazine Pipeline, provides discounts for items in SAS surf shop, accessories like key ring and car sticker and invitations to community services like cleaning of local beaches. In 2013 the foundation collected over 55,000 signatures from citizens regarding a camping supporting better protection in surf spots. The Unidentified Floating Objects (UFO) campaigns initiated by SAS involves in identifying items of marine litter on the UK beaches and remove them to make the sea cleaner. In 2012 the foundation had organized a spring clean activity on the local beaches (Sas.org.uk, 2015). 3. Objectives and audiences a. Proposed objectives The major objectives of the proposal are as follows: To devise promotional strategies in order to attract and recruit new members within the age group of 18- 35 years To generate strategies for the Charity to help them in long term retention of the recruited members and existing members To plan a financially reliable promotional strategy (Keerthi R, 2013) b. Target audience SAS will focus on a niche target market for generation of membership subscriptions. The major target market for SAS membership promotion will be the UK citizens within the age group of 18 to 35 years. SAS has selected this particular age group because according to Mintels report on Charitable Giving highest proportions of donations are available from citizens within the age group of 16 to 24 years. The UK government provides no age bar on the surfers hence the target population within this age group engages more in recreational activities like surfing and hence they are more aware about the needs of protecting the sea and the coastlines. Moreover, Kolsarici Nalca (2009) suggests that the younger population gets motivated in a positive manner regarding the donations. For further stress on the selected target market SAS will point its promotions towards the female citizens within this age group. According to Blythe (2009) it is easier to generate emotional influence on the female citizens more compared to the male citizens. The survey report of the charity market of UK also shows that around 60% of the donors are female. The target audience will also comprise of majorly professional and recreational swimmers and surfers of UK. c. Desired response Ranganathan et al. (2011) opined that a charity donation promotion would be successful if the authorities are able to make the customer think from heart and not from mind. The presence of numerous donation appeals in UK makes it difficult for the UK citizens to decide on the appropriate charitable fund. SAS should generate its new membership promotional strategies targeting the following factors: Audience thoughts: The promotional strategies will aim to generate rational thoughts within the target customers in order to trigger the need for charity memberships. SAS by promoting about the importance of environmental sustainability along with recreational activities will be able to generate a connection in the mind of the customers. Audience emotions: To generate memberships within the target audience, SAS needs to trigger the emotional cord of the target audience. However Conaway and Laasch (2012) suggested that charitable activities with a difference are able to generate more responses compared to normal charities. For instance, British Airways trust funds were able to collect high donations in respect to the Ebola promotions made by the employees. The British Universities were also able to generate high donations from alumni students on the grounds of development and alumni meets. Since the younger population donates for the positive feeling that they get from the donations hence the SAS should frame strategies that will make the target audience feel positive about their contributions (Robertson and Davidson, 2013). Audience behavior: The desired behavior after targeting the promotional strategy is that the target audience will at least enroll for a single membership on an annual basis in SAS. If the promotion is able to attract the commitment and attention of the target audience then SAS will hope that they will at least want to experience the charity and recreation activity. 4. Proposals a. Marketing and communication tools Keeping in mind the budget constraint, SAS should develop promotional techniques using individual creativity rather than usage of promotional media. The organization can organize a Keep the seas clean camping with the existing members in order to generate awareness among the citizens. The use of pamphlet distribution and handmade hoardings in different clubs, swimming associations and schools will also attract the awareness of the citizens to the SAS activities and generate membership response (Belch and Belch, 2012). SAS can make innovative promotion strategies like introduce a Do Good card system that will provide discounted surfing opportunities to individuals who will opt for membership subscriptions (Brown and Mason, 2010). To attract the young target audience SAS should focus on creation of strategies that conveys that volunteering is fun. In this regard SAS can opt for innovative video campaign which will include filming of a story of a volunteer having fun while surfing and also contributing to the cleanliness program of the beaches. b. Message The promotion aims to generate the importance of charitable contribution for maintenance of sea conservation and cleanliness (Shimp, 2010). The promotion though the various social media hash tags and video filming and radio advertising is aimed to generate a sense of responsibility within the community about the importance of serving the community for cleansing the seas. The membership recruitment promotions also shows that service contribution by the community citizens in the charitable activities concerning the sea and the beaches will be able to successfully make the seas safer and make surfing a memorable experience for the surfers (Mayor, 2009). c. Media The extensive use of the social media like twitter and Face Book will help the organization in attracting new members. The campaign can involve has tag promotions in twitter with the tagline #waterislife. The target audiences within the age group of 16 to 34 are majorly addicted to the social media platforms. Hence, the request for membership requirements on the twitter will generate huge responses and comments from the users and they will show interest in the subscriptions. However use of traditional advertising strategies will not be, suffice for the organization. Barker (2013) suggested that Radio advertising is a cheap source of traditional adverting media. Since SAS is restraining on the budget, hence the organization can effectively take the help of radio advertising to promote the recruitment campaign. Radio promotion will involve low cost and will help SAS to promote its message to all local citizens. Current promotions of SAS in the social media platforms show that the company makes 60% of its promotions in Twitter and 40% in Face Book (Waller, 2012). Hence, the organization can promote the SAS recruitment campaign through the social media sties because around 18% of the fundraising money is incurred from the peer-to-peer campaign of social media. With the help of the hash tag promotion in twitter, SAS will be able to connect and build relationships over the discussion topic with the targeted audience. The creation of a sense of engagement will help the organization to fetch members for the charity services (Caywood, 2012). 5. Evaluation methods In order to measure the effectiveness level of the advertising campaigns, SAS can evaluate on the following factors Donation figures: To evaluate the effectiveness of the promotional campaigns SAS should evaluate the amount of donations received in form of membership subscriptions or amount of donations received from sponsorships (Ofek, 2010). Changes in behavior of the members: If the retention rates of the existing members of SAS increases then the organization will understand that the promotional technique has been a success. Website hits and social media response: The positive or negative comments and the numbers of website hits and social media likes will also confirm the success of the promotional techniques. The Hash tag responses will be able to give SAS a practical view of the reactions of the citizens and the organization will be able to understand whether the promotions are able to generate sense of responsibility within the target audience. Membership recruitment conversion: The final evaluation will be made with the conversion rate of the members (Grimmer and Woolley, 2014). The major purpose of the promotion is to attract target members who would serve the community needs along with SAS. Hence, the number of individuals registering for the membership will confirm the success rate of the promotions. 6. Reference list Barker, R. (2013). Strategic integrated communication: An alternative perspective of integrated marketing communication?.Communicatio, 39(1), pp.102-121. Belch, G. and Belch, G. (2012).Advertising. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill Australia. Blythe, J. (2009).Key concepts in marketing. Los Angeles, Calif.: SAGE. Brown, A. and Mason, K. (2010).The Child's Play Charity. St. Bonaventure, N.Y.: Jandoli School of Journalism and Mass Communication, St. Bonaventure University. Caywood, C. (2012).The handbook of strategic public relations and integrated marketing communications. New York: McGraw-Hill. Conaway, R. and Laasch, O. (2012).Communication in Responsible Business. New York: Business Expert Press. Engel, J., Warshaw, M. and Kinnear, T. (2000).Promotional strategy. Cincinnati, Ohio: Pinnafelx Educational Resources. Finne, . and Grnroos, C. (2009). Rethinking marketing communication: From integrated marketing communication to relationship communication.Journal of Marketing Communications, 15(2-3), pp.179-195. Grimmer, M. and Woolley, M. (2014) Green marketing messages and consumers' purchase intentions: Promoting personal versus environmental benefits, Journal of Marketing Communications, 20(4), pp- 231-250 (online via UWE library) Gurău, C. (2008). Integrated online marketing communication: implementation and management.Journal of Communication Management, 12(2), pp.169-184. Hackley, C. (2010).Advertising and promotion. Los Angeles: SAGE. Hayes, D. (2012). The Persuasive Power of Campaign Advertising , by Travis N. Ridout and Michael M. Franz.Political Communication, 29(1), pp.109-112. Houser, D., Morton, R. and Stratmann, T. (2011). Turned on or turned out? Campaign advertising, information and voting.European Journal of Political Economy, 27(4), pp.708-727. Ivanov, A. (2012). The Internets Impact on Integrated Marketing Communication.Procedia Economics and Finance, 3, pp.536-542. Jiang, P. and Chia, S. (2010). Developing Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) in online communities: a conceptual perspective from search, experience and credence segmentation.International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, 6(1), p.22. Keerthi R, A. (2013). Emotional Advertisement the Altering Realm of Integrated Marketing Communication.IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 15(3), pp.06-08. Kolsarici Nalca, C. (2009).Flexible models of integrated marketing communication effects. Mayor, S. (2009). Charity campaigns for drug companies to pool patents for newer HIV drugs.BMJ, 339(oct02 2), pp.b4056-b4056. Ofek, E. (2010). Marketing and Innovation Management: An Integrated Perspective.Foundations and Trends in Marketing, 4(2), pp.77-128. Ranganathan, S., Loebl, J. and Radosevich, D. (2011). Understanding students' responses to university-led charity campaigns: a study of a Haitian earthquake relief campaign.Int. J. Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Mark., 17(1), pp.65-74. Robertson, K. and Davidson, J. (2013). Gender-role stereotypes in integrated social marketing communication: Influence on attitudes towards the ad.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 21(3), pp.168-175. Sas.org.uk, (2015).Campaigns | Surfers Against Sewage. [online] Available at: https://www.sas.org.uk/news/campaigns/ [Accessed 26 Feb. 2015]. Shimp, T. (2010).Integrated marketing communications in advertising and promotion. United States: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Waller, D. (2012).Developing your integrated marketing communication plan. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill.

Interview Simplifying the RFP Response Process

INTERVIEW: SIMPLIFYING THE RFP RESPONSE PROCESS Regardless of the size of your business, you will likely have to answer a Request for Proposal (RFP) at some point, in order to secure larger, more lucrative contracts. But with so many RFPs containing 100 pages or more, the proposal writing process can be overwhelming for many companies. In this interview, writing expert Wintress Odom breaks down the response process into more manageable pieces and answers some of your most important questions about how to write a proposal that will land your company at the top of the â€Å"yes† stack, including: What are some of the biggest mistakes companies make when drafting  an RFP response? How should you prepare for an RFP? What challenges do companies typically face when answering an RFP? How can  you  best overcome those challenges? Click the play button below to listen to the interview. document.createElement('video'); https://www.thewritersforhire.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/POB_Interview_Wintress-RFP.mp4

Free Essays on Privacy

Privacy in the Classroom Privacy is the voluntary and temporary withdrawal of a person from the general society through physical or psychological means, either in a state of solitude or small-group intimacy or, when among larger groups, in a condition of anonymity or reserve. The question is privacy being invaded in the classroom or are critics on privacy being too critical? I believe that there is an issue of privacy in the classroom that teacher and parents along with students are unaware of. Philip, a little boy with a learning disability, was placed in a special education class two days out of the week and the other three days he was placed in a â€Å"mainstream† fifth grade class so he could be around children that he should be on the same level as. One day the teacher asked the class to switch quizzes and grade them. Philip, being in a special education class, hadn’t grasped the subject as the other children had and he received a failing grade. The teacher called out student’s names so the grader of the student’s paper would announce the score in front of the class. Philip was devastated. He was the only student in the class with a low grade. In this example peer grading is unacceptable and a violation of student privacy. The teacher knew what kind of students he/she had in the classroom and could have saved Phillips embarrassment of publicizing his failure. In a middle school English class a teacher ask the students to pull out their journals and write about topics such as; draw a picture of your house and family occupants and write what each one is saying; who has the last word in your family; reveal who in your family brings you the greatest sadness and why, who brings you the greatest joy and why. Journal questions like this invade a kid’s privacy. Children wouldn’t know the difference if they were asked a general question or a question to know what’s going on their household. Thus, selected... Free Essays on Privacy Free Essays on Privacy Privacy in the Classroom Privacy is the voluntary and temporary withdrawal of a person from the general society through physical or psychological means, either in a state of solitude or small-group intimacy or, when among larger groups, in a condition of anonymity or reserve. The question is privacy being invaded in the classroom or are critics on privacy being too critical? I believe that there is an issue of privacy in the classroom that teacher and parents along with students are unaware of. Philip, a little boy with a learning disability, was placed in a special education class two days out of the week and the other three days he was placed in a â€Å"mainstream† fifth grade class so he could be around children that he should be on the same level as. One day the teacher asked the class to switch quizzes and grade them. Philip, being in a special education class, hadn’t grasped the subject as the other children had and he received a failing grade. The teacher called out student’s names so the grader of the student’s paper would announce the score in front of the class. Philip was devastated. He was the only student in the class with a low grade. In this example peer grading is unacceptable and a violation of student privacy. The teacher knew what kind of students he/she had in the classroom and could have saved Phillips embarrassment of publicizing his failure. In a middle school English class a teacher ask the students to pull out their journals and write about topics such as; draw a picture of your house and family occupants and write what each one is saying; who has the last word in your family; reveal who in your family brings you the greatest sadness and why, who brings you the greatest joy and why. Journal questions like this invade a kid’s privacy. Children wouldn’t know the difference if they were asked a general question or a question to know what’s going on their household. Thus, selected...

Morality. The Genealogy of Morality by Nietzsche Essay

Morality. The Genealogy of Morality by Nietzsche - Essay Example The second dimension that Nietzsche discusses is morality relating to slaves or priests, and this primarily deals with Jewish beliefs. This dimension believes that priests loath warriors and call their desire for power an evil act, and they believe that their own poverty or simple state is called good. These two beliefs are called slave and master morality. Slave morality seems to be much more refined as compared to master morality and it is driven by a feeling of anger or resentment. It was born of Christianity as Christian love is due to hatred and therefore it is in accordance with slave morality and its derivation from ‘ressentiment.’ (Nietzsche and Kaufmann) Even though slave morality is interesting and more complex as well to understand as compared to master morality and their self-assuredness, Nietzsche is apprehensive that it makes mankind a mediocre race and people who have generally an inherent perception of slave morality would like to prefer comfort and secur ity over risk and conquest over the world. The priests believes in the slave morality and they believe that it saves them from evil and other perils of the afterlife, and the master morality will distract people from changing themselves for the better and making their present a better situation to live in. Most modern humans also perceive the slave morality in this way and act this way. Nietzsche also believes that there is a difference between the two kinds of morality be it good/bad or good/evil by giving the relevant example of lamb and bird of prey. The lamb would believe that the bird of prey is evil since it kills and that they themselves are good because they don’t kill. However, these statements become useless in the event that God has made them in such a way that they cannot kill; and not because of any moral account but simply because they are unable to, they don’t know what they would be capable of if they would be able to kill. Birds of prey similarly canno t be highlighted as wrong doers and evil simply because they are built in a way that they are to kill. If the deed, which is killing could be separated from the being that kills because it was made that way, then only could be condemn these birds for their deeds. Nietzsche also goes on to argue that there are instances when there is a deed, but no doer and then you cannot blame anyone. Such as lightning cannot be removed from the flash and seen independently and hence the fact that we view that the doer is distinct from his act is simply something we view because of society and its prejudices. Master morality is what the aspiration is so to say, slave morality is prevalent and not desirable. Nietzsche also believes that guilt originally didn’t have any moral aspects in it, and it was simply like a debt. A person who owed something to someone was in debt and guilty of it, and he owed a creditor some sum. Therefore a creditor could take advantage of that and could even make the debtor pay at any time or take penalties. This wasn’t to punish the debtor and make him feel bad about himself, but this was only for the creditor’s mirth and pleasure. Therefore punishment was like a paradox; it was cruel for the debtor and yet cheerful for the creditor and it was supposed to have been forgotten afterwards without any grudge from any party. Law and regulation is like a creditor in a society; if someone goes against the law then this means that they have broken and harmed society and they can be punished for this mistake. (Nietzsche and Kaufmann) Justice believes however that people don’t have that power to punish good or bad or evil and

SPORTS LAW RESEARCH PAPER (LANCE ARMSTRONG'S TERMINATION FOR DOPING IN

SPORTS LAW (LANCE ARMSTRONG'S TERMINATION FOR DOPING IN CYCLING SPORT) - Research Paper Example The document submitted by USADA to the authorities internationally meets the requirements of the â€Å"reasoned decision† which is the transparency of the document. The investigation was triggered after a dismissal of United States cyclist Mr Kyle Leogrande for two years in November 2008 under the Anti-doping code. In January 2009, USADA was notified from a number of sources about the mass doping by the Mr Armstrong’s cycling team and his influence and control over his teammates. After a constant effort to gather more evidence, Mr Paul Scott a resident from southern California directed USADA to contact Mr Floyd Landis a former cyclist as he would have a substantial amount of information, which could prove helpful to USADA. On April 12, 2010, communication with Mr Scott about Mr Landis changed the pace of this investigation. On April 20, 2010, the CEO of USADA Travis Tygart discussed Armstrong’s anti-doping violations with Mr Landis. Further investigations made upon fellow cyclists in Mr Armstrong’s team lead USADA discovering a chain of individuals working together in the doping swindle. These individuals include the teamma tes of Mr Armstrong and cyclists from the USPS team. Following the meeting between Mr Tygart and Mr Landis, Mr Landis sent an e-mail to the president of USA cycling, confronting and disclosing other names in the sport who had breached the anti-doping code. USADA sent a letter on June 12, 2012 to Mr Armstrong and other cyclists and team members stating that they are accused of have doped since 1998 to current and were told to appear for a hearing before neutral arbitrators. In response, Mr Armstrong filed a federal lawsuit against USADA for false accusations, which was dismissed by the judge twice over consecutive attempts due to the perception that Mr Armstrong’s mere purpose was to gain publicity. In addition, the USADA’s arbitration rules meets the criteria for the process of this conduct. The evidence

Strategic Management Analysis Of Telecom Industry Commerce Essay

Strategic Management Analysis Of Telecom Industry Commerce Essay Purpose The paper aims to emphasize a positive change toward the strategic management and decision making. It brings out a few lacking that are important to know for the industry. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for an exploratory study including interviews and group discussion with employees representing middle and senior management. Data is increased by applying the analytical tools, the descriptions of internal processes, and organizational structures, magazine articles and the web. Findings The paper provides practical understandings about the strategic management analysis and organizational structure. Practical implications The paper includes detailed analysis of the various factors that need to be catered for. That includes SWOT analysis of the organization and deep study of structuring of organization. Originality/value The paper fulfills the need of exploring the strategic management and organizational structure study. Keywords: Strategic Management, Organizational Structure. Introduction Telecom industry is the collection of all industries and companies providing phone service, data or entertainment to consumers and businesses. It is the fastest growing industry in Pakistan and with highest per year growth rate in tele-density Worldwide (Atta 2008b, P.1 of 1) it has become a backbone in Pakistans economy. Telecom industry provides many employment and investment opportunities due to high revenues generated via large number of telephony subscribers. Along with opportunities, this industry also provides vast facilities to communicate and connect globally in a better, reliable and modern manner. Background: Telecommunication services in Pakistan were started in 1947 when Posts Telegraph Department was created. As an extension, Pakistan Telephone Telegraph Department was established in 1962 to provide fixed telephone services. Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) started under PTC Act 1991. This overlapped with the Governments competitive policy and encouraged the participation of the private sector, resulting in award of licenses for card-operated pay phones, cellular companies, paging and, lately, data communication services. Pursuing a progressive policy, the Government announced its plans to privatize PTCL in 1991. In Pakistan, the Pakistan Mobile communications Ltd (Mobilink) started its operations in 1994. Mobilink (subsidiary of the Orascom Telecom Holding) with more than 31.6 million subscribers is Pakistans leading cellular and Blackberry service provider. Other major competitors are Telenor 23.4 million, and Warid (Abu Dhabi Group) 16.38 million, Ufone 18.93 million and Zong (China Mobile Company) 6.76 million. By April 2010, there were 97.6 million mobile phone subscribers in Pakistan. PTCL launched its mobile and data services firms in 2001 i.e. Ufone and PakNet respectively. In 2006, Government of Pakistan decided to privatize 26 % of PTCL. Etisalat, with a large margin in the bet was able to get the shares. Purpose: The purpose of this report is to understand the organizational structure and strategic management process by utilizing analytical tools- SWOT analysis. Improvements in strategic management process and decision-making will be suggested. Aims and Objectives: Conduct interviews and discussions with middle and senior level management personnel from the telecom industry Conduct SWOT analysis over feedback received from the interviews and discussions Study the organizational structure of Telenor and Ufone Reach out mobile subscribers to get feedback and to help define QoS targets and KPIs Provide suggestions about improvement in strategic management process and decision making Scope: Survey: Design questionnaires and conduct interviews with middle and senior level management Data Analysis Tools: Strength Weaknesses Opportunities Threat (SWOT) Organizational Structure: Vertical Differentiation (Hierarchical Levels, Span of Control, Integrating Mechanisms, Centralization and Decentralization, Standardization and Mutual Adjustment and Professionalism) Research Methodology Document/Literature reviews: The first method we adopted in the implementation of our research methodology was reviewing work already done in the field closely resembling our analysis. This was done on the basis of multiple documents most notably of other telecommunication companies and analysis done on the basis of different circumstances factoring in the companys strategic management and decision making process. Mixture of Quantitative and Qualitative Survey: The purpose of qualitative analysis is to get a complete detailed description whereas in quantitative analysis we classify features, count them, and even construct more complex statistical models in an attempt to explain what is observed. Qualitative analysis allows for fine distinctions to be drawn because it is not necessary to shoehorn the data into a finite number of classifications. It is also used to investigate the  why  and  how  of  decision making, not just  what,  where,  when. This also justifies the reasoning behind getting smaller but focused  samples rather than getting larger samples. Quantitative analysis basically leads to the systematic empirical investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. Its main objective  is to develop and employ  mathematical models,  theories and/or  hypotheses  pertaining to phenomena. In easier terms it basically means that quantitative researcher asks a specific, narrow question and collects numerical data from participants to answer the question. Official Perception surveys: These surveys will be qualitative surveys conducted on the basis of information gathered by senior officials from managerial level employees in the telecommunication industry. These surveys will be in the form of descriptive questions and will be used to analyze different factors involved in the companys decision making process. This analysis will be done in the form of Key Informant Interviews and will be held taking into account a senior officials own analysis of the companys strong and weak points. Customer Satisfaction Surveys: These surveys will be quantitative surveys distributed amongst people in the form of questionnaires. This will be done in the form of Random Selection Surveys hence to cover major portion of our required research. Literature Review Strategic Management Process: Strategic management process defines the strategies of the organizations. It is the process by which managers choose a set of strategies for the organization that will assist it to achieve better performance and QoS targets. Strategic management is an ongoing process that has three main stages namely: strategic formulation, strategic implementation and evaluation. Organizations use strategic analysis tools for the strategic management process Organizational Structure: Organizational structure determines hierarchy and the reporting structure in an organization. These may be classified into different types based on a variety of things mainly scale of the organization and the scope of its operations. Traditional structure organizations are based on functional division and departments, various types of structures under these structures are Line Structure (Used in Small Organizations), Line and Staff Structure (Used in Large Organizations), and Functional Structure (Division based on the functions a person perform). Divisional structured organizations are based on functional division and departments they have. These may be classified as Product Structure, Market Structure and Geographic Structure. Some other kinds of organizational structures are Matrix Structure, Network Structure and Team Structure.. Literature review has been conducted for this research article to understand the concepts underlying strategic management process and the organizational structure. This will help to carry out the required work of survey, SWOT analysis, and for making the suggestions based on the conducted research. Results Strategic Management Process Strategic management involves managers from all levels of the organization to formulate and implement strategies to provide superior fit between organization and its environment to achieve set goals of the organization. This involves action and decision-making. Three stages of strategic management process are strategic planning, implementation and evaluation. The nine steps encompassing these three stages are Assessment, Strategy, Objectives, Strategic Maps, Performance Measures, Initiatives, Automation, Cascade and Evaluation. The process can be described by the flow chart presented in figure 1 below: Figure : Strategic Management Process Strategic Management Process is accompanied with SWOT analysis, which provides data to formulate and implement strategies and changes to achieve the target goals and QoS. SWOT analysis helps to examine internal (strength and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) elements of a business. SWOT analysis can help the management team in a business to discover: What the organization does better than the competitors do? What competitors do superior than the organization? Whether the business is making most of the available opportunities? How a business should react to changes in its external environment? SWOT analysis for Telenor Pakistan and Ufone Pakistan has been conducted as case study. SWOT Analysis of Telenor Pakistan Telenor Pakistan is a possession of the Telenor group, an international service provider in terms of voice, data plans and communication services across Europe and Asia. It is amongst the largest mobile service operators in the world over 179 million mobile subscribers (2010). Telenor Pakistan has recently reached the landmark of 30 million subscribers in Pakistan. It is now second in terms of market share in Pakistan after Mobilink. Case study of SWOT analysis for Telenor Pakistan has been discussed as follows: Strengths: Telenor introduced the concept of Mobile TV for the very first time in Pakistan Telenor provides desirable packages for every market sector like djuice for youth and price conscious class and persona for upper and elite class State of art technology like the latest underground fiber optical network Telenor Pakistan stands at number 2 in terms of market share and coverage after Mobilink Telenor Pakistan introduced the concept of free international roaming during Hajj program Telenor operate with more than 30 million subscribers all over the Pakistan Weaknesses: There is no institute in Pakistan that provides formal education in the fields of networking and other core technical capabilities so Telenor needs to have a major chunk of their personnel trained from institutions outside of Pakistan The customer service centers are not coming up to national and international standards as most of the customers calls go unattended because of the poor call center performance The postpaid connection provided by Telenor Pakistan is comparatively expensive compared to other competitors like Warid Telecom and Ufone Pakistan Due to the buffering problem, Telenor mobile TV has poor visual quality Franchise distribution system is not up-to standards- This stands as the common problem for all mobile services operators. Record keeping is also an associated problem Opportunities: Participation within the growing Telecom industry and extension of coverage area Attract more subscribers and increase market share Product line and packages expansion focusing at various age groups and social classes Cost discount strategies Product innovation and attraction To become customer size specialist Threats: Monopoly of PTA and inclination towards state owned telecom service providers At any time PTA can modify the services of telecom sector Cutthroat competition operating in kinked demand oligopoly Implementation of WTO policies will result in open competitive pricing in services sector exclusively in telecom There is an imbalance between prices of inputs outputs SWOT Analysis of Ufone Pakistan Ufone is a Pakistani GSM cellular service provider, a subsidiary of Pakistan Telecommunications Company Limited. Its operations started from Islamabad on January 29 2001. Ufone has progressed and attracted customers and expanded its coverage area by adding new cities and highways/motorways. After the privatization of PTCL, 26% shares of Ufone were sold to Etisalat. Around $65 million rupees have been invested by Ufone to setup its up-to-date technical infrastructure to provide fast data services and high quality voice. On its establishment, Ufone cater most importantly for the middle class, by announcing low rates and different packages with Urdu names like Jazba etc. Ufone has extended its customer support in a very planned and appropriate manner with a strategic network of dealers and outlets for people. Strengths Ufone is host to value added services and data connectivity Ufone offers the most reasonable prices for its users Ufone represents as the subsidiary of PTCL Prepaid roaming in Pakistan was first launched by Ufone along with the Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) and GPRS services Ufones Prepaid packages are now considered to be one of the most favorite packages by the youth market GPRS Roaming facility is available across 85 countries with more than 115 Live Operators Ufone has got the best e-marketing department in competition to the other mobile operators Weaknesses Ufones biggest weakness is that it cannot meet the demands of its customers Centralized structure of the organization has failed to provide proper direction over instruction and policies Ufone is not close to expected profitability It is a subsidiary of PTCL so it is dependent on PTCL and government for policies The franchise network of Ufone is not able to meet the demand of increasing number of mobile subscribers Ufone has not provided innovative services to its subscribers compared to other operators Its coverage in South region is quite good but in north its coverage is poor Ufone got some internal problems after its privatization to Etisalat when some employees became unhappy with the pay scale Opportunities Ufone has enormous ability to expand globally, but since it is a government owned organization, the economic situation in Pakistan does not permit this With the precise marketing strategy and planning they can gain much more subscribers market The demand for value added services in increasing with development in the IT Telecom sector, Ufone should come up with improvements in its value added services in order to gain leading edge in the market Ufone kiosk can be launched to enable services like ATM machines for Ufone customers Ufone should expand their Franchise network in remote areas to provide competition to Mobilink and Telenor which are constantly increasing their franchise network Ufone should expand its network coverage to the Northern areas of the country as well with the reason that in those parts of the country not too many companies are giving services and if Ufone gets success in providing its services there then it will definitely attract a huge chunk of people and its number of subscribers can increase Threats Government interference in terms of taxes PTCL should provide more financial support to Ufone to enhance profitability of its subsidiary company Being a responsibility, Ufone is supposed to provide good pension benefits to its employees, which sometimes appears like a great idea, but they are now facing problems as large amount of people are beginning to collect Ufone, like many large companies with quality employees healthcare welfares, is suffering from a large financial hit Some pressure groups are objecting on the towers that are installed in domestic areas. According to their point of view it is not good for health for the people who are directly exposed to the radiations caused by the towers Pakistan is experiencing serious problems regarding the economy now days which will ultimately also affect Ufone. The current downturn in market is not beneficial for any sort of business may that be telecommunication Organizational Structure Organizational structure defines the reporting and hierarchical structure in an organization. Literature review presents an explanation about the organization structure and the different types of it. Case studies of Organization structure for Telenor and Ufone Pakistan will be presented here. Organization Structure of Telenor Pakistan: The organizational structure of Telenor Pakistan is functional structure. The key features are listed as follows: There are eight departments, Finance, Customer Services, Commercial, Technical, Information Technology, Human Resources, Administration and Legal Affairs, each supervised by a Senior Executive Vice President or Executive Vice President. Each of these departments follow a flat structure to boost mutual processes and co-operations between lower staff and managers Each department has several sections and a manager is in-charge of each section. He controls the overall operations of that section Responsibility of each executive in charge includes all the services that are related to him Wide span of control in entire organization makes it convenient for the lower staff to reach top managers and boost coordination between them The categorized stages of organizational chart of Telenor Pakistan is shown in figure 2 below, the complete organizational structure has been attached as appendix A: Figure : Categorized Stages of Organizational Structure of Telenor Pakistan There are seven categorized levels. Tasks and duties of each person is evidently defined at the time of joining the organization. Duties can be changed later, but staff has good knowledge about their job responsibilities from the time they join the organization. There is no communication or motivational issues because of the layered structure and the open culture prevailing at each stage. There are no examples of de-motivation however in certain areas like Customer Relationship Department or Customer Service Centre different customer queries and objections can raise frustration levels when qualities of service targets are not being met. Managers in these sectors interfere to solve problems. On every occasion an employee has an idea, he/she is stimulated to approach the management or people at higher level of hierarchy and share it with them. Boxes are also situated at various places where personnel leave their ideas, suggestions and concerns. To stay anonymous is their legal right. The Communications Department tries to reach to certain decisions if the ideas can be executed and then debates them with the employees concerned. There is also a formal platform at the group level known as SEED where innovation is encouraged and new ideas about revenue concepts and cost effectiveness can be discussed. Employees are welcome to contribute and submit their innovating ideas. If the ideas that are shared are feasible then they are executed in the organization. Employees are then rewarded accordingly for their helpful contributions. Organization Structure of Ufone Pakistan The departmental and organizational structure for Ufone Pakistan has been shown in figure 3 below: Board of Directors CEO Project Director Marketing Sales Finance Information System Customer Care Engineering Quality Assurance Information technology HR Admin Figure : Organizational Chart of Ufone Pakistan The organizational structure of Ufone Pakistan is hybrid in nature where there is a formal control on every employee in the organization. The chain of command is decentralized and each personnel in the organization have his/her own tasks and responsibilities, which he/she has to fulfill. The key characteristics of the Organizational Structure are as follows: Ufone has a lean or horizontal structure The company has a decentralized structure making the flow of information easy and simple Ufone has different departments where every department has its head and all heads are interconnected Concept of departmentalization remains constantly in practice at Ufone Different departments work within their functional divisions to contribute towards the success of the business and to attain the set targets Ufone has 83 sub-departments that are working efficiently. All interact with each other towards the smooth running of the organization The organizational structure of Ufone consist of of Board of Directors who are reported by the Chief Executive Officer CEO is a great supervision to the eight major departments of the company. These are Finance, Marketing, IT, Engineering, Strategic Planning, Human Resource, and Sales Departments Discussion and Reflective Comments Case studies for strategic management process and organizational structure has been discussed for Ufone and Telenor. A comparison between these two organizations has been made because these two organizations had remained in close competition to each other in terms of subscribers market. Recent reports have shown that Telenor Pakistan has passed the landmark of 30 million subscriber base having a market share of 26%. It has shown consistent growth due to the technological development and efficient strategic management process. On the contrary, Ufones market share in terms of subscribers has shown decline, which is now 19%. The major factor for this is the policy making at executive and senior managerial levels. Policy making for Ufone is generally done by officials representing the government as Ufone is a subsidiary of government owned Pakistan Telecommunications Company Limited. Besides this, at the time of privatization of PTCL, it was anticipated that PTCL and Ufone would be turne d into large profit and efficient organizations, but Etisalat group could not bring about many changes towards the operational and strategic management process. Telenors subscribers base, technological growth, marketing and network coverage has surpassed those of Ufone with a significant margin and today Telenor is presenting close competition to Mobilink, which is considered as a mature organization in Pakistans Telecom Industry. An important distinction between Mobilink and Telenor is the post-paid connection base, which is normally defined by business and corporate users. Telenor lags behind Mobilink in terms of post-paid subscribers by a huge margin reason being that Telenors postpaid connection is expensive and provides much lesser value added services compared to Mobilink. In the discussion about organizational structure, a point worth noting is that Telenor has a functional structure where each department has a set of functions well defined. However, a Hybrid structure combining both functional and horizontal structure is recommended as it can provide enhancement in coordination and communication between cross-functional teams and can also provide improved customer service. Besides this, the structure should be defined such that it is able to accommodate any changes that might seem appropriate. These changes can be easily accommodated in horizontal structure. Since Telenor is a part of Global Telenor Group, employee exchange program should be introduced at middle and senior level management in order to share the level of managerial and technical skills and expertise. Besides this, stock option could also be provided as a motivation to the employees.