Informal Institution Social Arrangements, Network, And...

Informal institution is related to social arrangements, network, and loosely structures. Its role is to support the early entrepreneurial activity and to substitute the weak of formal institutions when there is no property right system (Estrin and Prefezer 2011, cited in Etrin 2011, p.8). Williamson places the informal institution on the top of his four level of hierarchy considering its deepest rooted and slowest changing which is indicated by corruption. The other three levels are formal institutions which relate to the enforcement of property rights and law as the basic for entering market; governance which could prevent anti-competitive behaviour; and resource allocation and employment (2000, cited in Etrin 2011, pp.8-9). It is clear that rules, regulations, and property rights important to promote entrepreneurship. The enforcement of those factors by government could increase certainty environment and trust which is important particularly for country with high uncertainty avoidance. The risk of low and fluctuate income of being entrepreneur could be minimised when the property rights system strong enough in protecting the patent of new innovations. The access on resources is also important for the creation of new venture. The new entrepreneurs mostly start their business with lack of wealthy, therefore financial support to penetrate market entry barriers is needed. It requires the financial institution to facilitate the liquidity constraints (Fogel et al 2005,Show MoreRelatedOrganizational Culture At Elim Care824 Words   |  4 PagesA strong culture is important to today’s organizations in a fast pace environment affected by a diverse internal workforce (Baker, 2002 p. 4). Schein (as cited in Baker, 2002) defined organizational culture as an arrangement of shared beliefs that the group learned through problem solving, and adapting to internal and external environments (p.4). Culture is not only a means of bettering internal coordination, but is important in facilitating environmental adaptation (Baker, 2002 p. 4). IndividualRead MoreIncreasing Caregiver Support Service Access And Use Among Chinese Americans1298 Words   |  6 Pagesregulates National Family Caregiver Support Programs (NFCSP), a categorical non-income-tested program, aiming to provide direct services to informal family caregivers. Under the federal administration from AoA, the NFCSP is carried out through a network of 56 State Units on Aging (SUAs), 655 Area Agencies on Aging (AAAs) and local public or private institutions. Specifically, AAAs provide five-category services to caregivers by using the allocated NFCSP funding—information regarding services, assistanceRead MorePrivate Governance Reforms : Acknowledgement1461 Words   |  6 PagesGovernance means All the processes of the governing, whether undertaken by a government market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization and whether through laws, norms, power or language. It is the processes of interaction and decision-making among the parties who are involved in a collective problem that lead to the creation, reinforcement, or reproduction of institutions and social norms A government is a formal body invested with the authority to make decisions in a givenRead MoreThe Article Fixing Women Or Fixing The World? Smart Economics , Efficiency Approaches, And1540 Words   |  7 Pageswomen as goods was strengthened by the World Bank because of its emphasis on economic outcomes and its consequent failure to pay attention to the meaning of women’s empowerment and gender equality. Second, the World Bank, UN agencies and other institutions were observed to value only young women and girls, thus completely ignoring men’s role . Third, despite the existence of programs encouraging women empowerment such as microfinance and conditional cash transfers, women are forced to work for theirRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Csr1555 Words   |  7 Pageshow Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) works in the Brazilian market. CSR is quite a recent theme in the world, and even more in Brazil. There is not an exclusive concept accepted when it comes to the definition of CSR, (Araujo, 2006; Oliveira Claro; Pimentel Claro; Lucci, 2009). According to Passador (2002), the first CSR concept in Brazil (between businesses, society and the State) emerged with the publication of the Brazilian Social Report by the Brazilian Institute of Social Analysis (IBASE)Read MoreHabermas, Jà ¼rgen. 1992. „Further Reflections on the Public Sphere1489 Words   |  6 Pagescenturies as well as its subsequent decline. Habermas admits, his theory has changed since then and he reminds readers of these changes. 1. The Genesis and Concept of the Bourgeois Public Sphere The public sphere (Ãâ€"ffentlichkeit ) is an area in social life (standing in-between private individuals and government authorities) where individuals can meet to freely discuss public matters, exchanged views and knowledge and through that discussion influence political action. A vibrant public sphere servesRead MoreEfficient Credit Market in the Rural Areas of Deveoping Countries1628 Words   |  7 Pagesalong with weak reinforcement arrangement in the rural areas of developing countries make them very much unattractive for commercial banks to engage in any lending activity. This absence of formal credit market led to the rise of informal credit markets in many developed countries. This was an attempt to reduce the borrowing constraint that the poor farmers face and to improve the their access to small loans and deposits. The whole movement got an institutional structure in the beginning of 1980’s whenRead MoreWhat Might Be Required For Indigenous Australians? Essay2135 W ords   |  9 Pagesmaintain its individual communities traditions and values - its cultural governance. The governance drivers that aid in effective Indigenous development include cultural governance and an appreciation of its capacity and diversity, the Indigenous nodal networks and how they impact governance, the importance of leaders and the capacity of the community to govern and governments effective engagement with Indigenous communities will be explored. However there are challenges in developing effective governanceRead MoreAnthony Bugg Levine : A Global Leader World Economic Forum1741 Words   |  7 PagesBoard Member of Global Impact Investing Network and Adjunct Associate Professor at Columbia Business School. He lives at Greater New York Area and he studied at Princeton University as MPA in Economic Development and at Yale as BA for Political Science and International relations. He has an award as Young Global Leader World Economic Forum last March 2014. He is into social entrepreneurship, microfinance, fund raising, emerging market, philanthropy, social enterprise and economic development. HeRead MoreTo What Extent Are Human Resource Managers in a Multinational Company Restricted by Cultural and Institutional Factors in Implementing Policies and Practices Across Their Subsidiaries? Discuss Your Answer Giving Examples.2128 Words   |  9 Pagesactivities to operate abroad. Regarding that, each cultural and institutional factor s are developed over its history with unique insight into managing the organisation, the appropriate HRM practice would vary. The differentiation in national culture and institution call the different management practices that need to be concerned significantly especially for multinational companies’ managers. Researchers highlight the congruence between these factors and HR practice for higher organsational performance. When

Barriers Of Learning For A Child Affected By Learning...

Barriers to Learning for a child affected by Learning Difficulties (LD) Introduction The term learning difficulties (LD) lacks a consistent definition among researchers but instead encompasses a varied continuum of ‘signs’; which, when unidentified or not appropriately supported, can result in a variety of academic and behavioural problems (Riddick, 2009; Selikowitz, 2012; Skues Cummingham, 2011). Conversely, learning disabilities, although frequently identified interchangeably with LD within most Australian states and contemporary literature, are distinctly recognised as â€Å"neurological and permanent†¦[and] resistant to intervention† (Skues Cummingham, 2011, p.160). This report will review the current barriers to academic achievement for students with LD, and further investigate the role of different educational approaches and effective teaching practises in promoting equitable and inclusive outcomes. The unique characteristics and difficulties associated with Dyslexia, a specific category of LD, will be explored in further depth (Bell, 2013). Barriers to Learning Both international and Australian legislation (e.g. UN Convention on the Rights of the Child; Australian Disability Standards for Education), recognises the rights of all children with LD (Kavkler, Babuder, Lidija, 2015). The emerging social model focus of inclusive education, involving the adaption of the school environment to meet diverse learning needs, reveals the current social and physical obstaclesShow MoreRelatedService Learning Research and Reflection paper1354 Words   |  6 Pages specific learning disability, emotionally handicapped, hearing impaired, visually impaired, mentally handicapped, and physically handicapped. In this paper the specific type of students that will be discussed, fall under the disabled side of the continuum. As one can see from the list above there are various types of disabilities that can affect students. One of the disabilities that affect many students in schools today is known as the Learning Disability (LD). Students with learning disabilit iesRead MoreEducation Is A Fundamental System Essay1713 Words   |  7 Pageswhich may be important in one’s personal journey. It is considered to be beneficial because it allows us to gain baseline skills to be able to evolve and succeed in our adolescence. However, many undergo difficulties in achieving these successes due to the misfortunes of being diagnosed with a learning disability.Learning disabilities have been a controversial issue in America for as long as we know. Due to these factors, many individuals are shunned from their communities and are treated as social outcastsRead MoreLeadership for Health and Social Care and Children65584 Words   |  263 Pagesand practices in health and social care or children and young people s settings (M1) 62 Working in partnership in health and social care or children and young people s settings (M2c) 66 Understand child and young person s development (MU5.2) 68 Lead practice that supports positive outcomes for child and young person development (MU5.3) 72 Develop and implement policies and procedures to support the safeguarding of children and young people (MU5.4) 75 Lead and manage group living for children (P4)Read MoreSafeguarding Adults: Enabling Adults in Vulnerable Circumstances.6310 Words   |  26 PagesAre safeguarding procedures effective in supporting people with learning disabilities who are involuntary users of services? Safeguarding is a key role for social workers working with people with learning disabilities. This assignment will consider models of human development and critically analyse factors that impact upon the vulnerability of adults. It will further explore how adults with learning disabilities are oppressed and discriminated against at various levels. Using a practical exampleRead MoreCt 276 Understand How to Support Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Conditions4912 Words   |  20 Pagesfollow the same patterns of child development. In some children, hints of future problems may be apparent from birth. Most of the time, problems in communication and social skills become more noticeable as the child lags further behind other children the same age. There are also many other disorders that often go hand and hand with ASD, such as Attention Deficit Disorder. There have been a lot of studies showing the correlation between the two. Which of course makes learning that much harder, considerin gRead MoreAdvancing Effective Communicationcommunication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care Quality Safety Equity53293 Words   |  214 Pagesdo represent key issues that hospitals should consider to meet the unique needs of each patient. Recommendations and practice examples and in this monograph address various issues including language, culture, health literacy, other communication barriers, mobility needs, and the concerns of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) patients. As many of these issues can arise at various points along the care continuum, several recommendations are repeated to reinforce the importance of incorporatingRead MoreToys Project34340 Words   |  138 Pagesgovernmental- that involve two or more countries. Why we should talk about international business? First, International business comprises a large and growing portion of the world’s total business. Today, almost all companies-large or small- are affected by globa l events and competition because most sell output to and/or secure supplies from foreign countries and/or compete against products and services that come from abroad. Second, the international business field probably will engage in modesRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesInformation Systems Function). †¢ The in-depth case studies in this edition include five completely new case studies and six that have been significantly revised. THE CHAPTER CONTENT Following an introductory chapter that sets the stage for learning about IS management roles and technology trends, the textbook chapters are presented in four parts: Part I—Information Technology provides background knowledge about major information technology components: hardware and software, networks, and

Continuous improvement free essay sample

What is continuous improvement means in the context of organisational success Continuous improvement is a quality philosophy that assumes further improvements are always possible and that processes should be continuously re-evaluated and improvements implemented. It is also the seeking of small improvements in processes and products, with the objective of increasing quality and reducing waste. It is believed that an organization must constantly measure the effectiveness of its processes and strive to meet more difficult objectives to satisfy customers. Continuous improvement is an ongoing effort to improve products, services or processes. These efforts can seek â€Å"incremental† improvement over time or â€Å"breakthrough† improvement all at once. How it is possible to lead continuous improvement systems and processes -Encouraging and supporting team members to participate in decision-making processes: Quality management is a process in business that requires participation from everyone, from senior management to those on the shop floor. Quality management can only be effective if everyone participates and contributes ideas for the overall improvement of a business. Without active participation by everyone, you are not getting everything you could get from the process. You need to involve everyone; you need to ensure that you listen to everyone’s ideas. After all, often it is not just management who know how to make improvements. Those on the shop floor deal with problems on a daily basis, and this puts them in the best position to find ways of making improvements. In this section we will look at ways of working with your team to ensure that you are getting the active participation of all team members. There are a range of tools that can be used to ensure that your team is encouraged to participate in the continuous improvement process. oBrainstoming oCheck sheets oMind mapping oCause and Effect diagram oNorminal Group technique oConsensus oVoting -Ensuring continuous improvement processes are communicated to stakeholders: In order to be successful, it is important that quality initiatives and the general concept of quality management is promoted throughout an organisation. Quality management requires solid commitment on the part of management and all staff members in order to be regarded as successful, and promotion is an extremely useful means of showing, and developing, this commitment. We will examine promotion of quality through a cyclic approach. In a sense, this approach can be likened to the idea of quality management, as it involves continuous improvement of ideas. The four major means of communicating and promoting quality initiatives within an organisation are: oNewsletters oWorkshops oForum groups oPresentations -Developing effective mentoring and coaching processes: Many industries have very high worker turnover and recruiting staff and more importantly retaining them can be quite difficult to achieve. Having a coach or mentor in place can help relieve much of the stress that new staff feel when they begin a new job. New staff may lack experience or some of the core skills required to undertake a specific job and by having a coach or mentor there to provide assistance, you can assist in reducing the stress felt by new staff undertaking a new job. The process of having a coach or mentor assigned to your new staff is not a new idea, but one which can provide significant advances in improving overall quality in the workplace. They also enhance the individual employees performance. There are a number of different methods that can be used when creating a coaching or mentoring scheme in your workplace. These include: -Personal coaching programs employing external or internal coaches -Traditional’ or peer-to-peer mentoring schemes -Buddy schemes, a form of two-way peer-to-peer mentoring The method that you decide to utilise when working towards improving quality in your work place will be entirely dependant on what you are trying to fix and the type of skills that are already present in your workplace. You may also need to consider the organisation and its culture. Some organisations simply do not have the kind of culture that allows for one individual to assist another easily without the staff feeling uncomfortable. It is therefore extremely important to consider the effects of the company’s culture on any systems that you may decide to implement into the workplace. Competition, for example, among employees for reaching sales targets or earning commission may mean that there is a lack of willingness to act as an effective mentor or coach. Coaching and mentoring are generally used to provide on-job training, however it can be a lot wider than this. Coaches in the workplace can become an integral strategy in improving quality by developing staff on a continuous rather than one off basis. How an organisational leader would contribute to and implement continuous improvement initiatives It is fundamental to the success of the Management System and to the implementation of continual improvement throughout the organization that senior managers provide strong leadership; visible and active support; and, demonstrated commitment. To encourage improved individual and organization performance, executive sponsors should empower and make individuals accountable for their work. The role of senior management in continual improvement includes the following responsibilities. -Establishing a vision for continual improvement -Establishing overall goals for continual improvement -Creating the motivation for change -Establishing commitment and alignment of the senior management team -Managing the continual improvement programme -Creating a continual improvement culture -Impact on staff involved in continual improvement -Recognizing staff for continual improvement success -Openness and honesty A specific example approaches used for continual process improvement (CPI): TEPCO – JAPAN In TEPCO the following 10 steps outline the process improvement methodology: -Step 1: Determine the boundaries of the process that requires improvement, Organize, Capture â€Å"as-is† SIPOC (Suppliers, inputs, process, outputs, customers). -Step 2:Benchmark the process against industry â€Å"Best Practices†. Set goals. -Step 3: Capture the current â€Å"as-is† process.

Julius Caesar And Marcus Brutus Essays - , Term Papers

Julius Caesar And Marcus Brutus William Shakespeare's play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, is mainly based on the assassination of Julius Caesar. The character who was in charge of the assassination was, ironically, Marcus Brutus, a servant and close friend to Julius Caesar. (http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/m_brutus.sum.html) But what would cause a person to kill a close friend? After examining Brutus' relationship to Caesar, his involvement in the conspiracy, and his importance to the plot, the truth can be revealed. Marcus Brutus, a servant and close friend to Caesar, has a strong relationship with Caesar but a stronger relationship with Rome and its people. Brutus is very close to Caesar. In many points of the play, Brutus was talking and next to Caesar. Brutus also loves Caesar but fears his power. In the early acts of the play, Brutus says to Cassius, "What means this shouting? I do fear the people do choose Caesar for their king...yet I love him well."(Shakesspeare, act 1, scene 2,85-89), as he is speaking to Cassius. Brutus loves Caesar, but would not allow him to "climber-upward...He then unto the ladder turns his back..."(act 2, scene 1, 24,26). As the quote says, Fite 2 Brutus would not allow Caesar to rise to power and then turn his back onto the people of Rome.Brutus had honored Caesar but Brutus felt that Caesar was to ambitious. Brutus also felt that Caesar made the romans as slaves. Therefore, Brutus is an honorable man. Brutus is a noble man who was revered by many. Brutus had joined the conspiracy because he had the desire to help the commoners. He was a follower of idealism, where the romans would possess peace, liberty and freedom. Brutus wanted the kill Caesar, because he believed that all of the people of Rome would eventually be slaves, thus Brutus resorted to the assassination ofCaesar.(Ferguson 145) After the assassination of Julius Caesar, Brutus talks to Antony about Caesar's death. "Our hearts you see not; they are pitiful; and pity to the general wrong of Rome..."(Shakesspeare, act 3, scene 1, 185-186). Brutus says that Antony cannot see the members of the conspiracys hearts, which are full of pity. Again, this shows how Brutus loved Caesar but cared for the life of Rome and its people more. This is the only reason Brutus would conspire against Caesar. For Brutus says to himself, "I know no personal cause to spurn at him...How that might change his nature..."(Shakespeare, act 2, scene1, 1,13) Caesar's relationship with Brutus is also strong. Just allowing Brutus to speak to Caesar shows his respect for Brutus. Caesar feels that Brutus is noble to him and does the right thing regardless of personal danger. On the Ides of March, Fite 3 as Caesar was assassinated, Caesar's last line is: "Et tu, Brute?--Then fall, Caesar."(Shakespeare, act 3, scene 1, 85). This shows that Caesar would not die without Brutus' stab. Caesar realizes that there must be a noble reason for this assassination if Brutus was in it. This again shows how much Caesar respects Brutus. Brutus and Caesar both respect each other, but in different ways.(http://www.pei- asia.com/history/ROMAN/BRUTUS/BRUTUS.HT) Marcus Brutus had a very important role in the conspiracy against Caesar. He was the "back-bone" of the plan. According to Cassius, Brutus' main purpose in the conspiracy is for an insurance policy.(Bowers, 38-42) The people will think, since Brutus is noble to Caesar, that there is a good reason for Caesar's assassination. Brutus will also be the leader of the conspiracy for another "insurance policy" for the assassination.(47) Cassius is the one who declares this, "Brutus shall lead the way, and we will grace his heels with the most boldest and best hearts of Rome. "(Shakespeare, act 3, scene 1, 135-136). Again, if Brutus leads the way, the people will think that the death of Julius Caesar wasn't such a bad thing. Brutus also declares to himself that his role in the conspiracy is to save Rome. He says to the people that, "If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more."(Act 3,scene 2, 21-24). If Brutus was not in the plot Fite 4 of The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, the conspiracy would probably not have worked.(Bowers, 53) Since Brutus "...loved Rome more."(Shakespeare, Act 3,scene2, 23-24), he decided to be a part of he conspiracy. If he hadn't loved Rome more than Caesar, he would not have joined in the assassination of Julius Caesar. Cassius and the rest of the conspirators would probably not have continued